Common Causes of Gum Disease in Adults

Gum disease is one of the most common oral health issues seen in adults, and it often develops gradually. Many patients are surprised to learn they have it because early stages may not cause significant discomfort. Understanding the underlying causes helps explain why prevention and early intervention are so important.

Plaque Buildup

The primary cause of gum disease is plaque buildup along the gumline. Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that forms daily. When it is not removed through regular brushing and flossing, it hardens into tartar. This irritates the gums and leads to inflammation, which is the earliest stage of gum disease.

Oral Hygiene and Hormonal Changes

Poor oral hygiene is a major contributor, but it is not the only factor. Smoking and tobacco use significantly increase the risk of gum disease. Tobacco weakens the immune system and reduces blood flow to the gums, making it harder for tissues to heal and fight infection.

Hormonal changes can also play a role. Adults may experience gum sensitivity during pregnancy, menopause, or other hormonal shifts. These changes can make gums more reactive to plaque and bacteria, increasing the likelihood of inflammation.

Medications

Certain medical conditions are closely linked to gum disease. Diabetes, for example, affects the body’s ability to manage infection, making gum disease more severe and harder to control. Autoimmune conditions can have a similar effect on gum health.

Medications are another factor that is often overlooked. Some drugs cause dry mouth by reducing saliva flow. Saliva plays an important role in washing away bacteria, so a dry mouth environment allows plaque to build up more quickly.

Genetics also influence gum health. Some patients are simply more prone to gum disease despite good oral care. For these individuals, regular dental visits and professional cleanings from your Scottsdale dentist are especially important.

Gum disease is not caused by a single issue but rather a combination of factors. Addressing habits like smoking, improving daily hygiene, managing medical conditions, and keeping up with routine dental care can significantly reduce the risk. When caught early, gum disease is manageable and often reversible, making awareness a key part of long term oral health.